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Later Lechner himself built the Blue Church in Pozsony (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) in 1909–1913. These geometric forms were used with particular effect in the architecture and furniture of Joseph Maria Olbrich, Otto Wagner, Koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann, especially the Palais Stoclet in Brussels, which announced the arrival of Art Deco and modernism.[78][79][80]. The magazine was founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth, who remained editor until his death in 1916. He studied at the Milanese Academy of Brera, and later the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In English it is also known as the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). Together they created striking designs that combined geometric straight lines with gently curving floral decoration, particularly a famous symbol of the style, the Other curving and undulating forms borrowed from nature included butterflies, peacocks, swans, and water lilies. The distinguishing ornamental characteristic of Art Nouveau is its undulating asymmetrical line, often taking the form of flower stalks and buds, vine tendrils, insect wings, and other delicate and sinuous natural objects; the line may be elegant and graceful or infused with a powerfully rhythmic and whiplike force. [93][94][11], Liberty style architecture varied greatly, and often followed historical styles, particularly the Baroque. Both designers based on their structure and ornamentation on forms taken from nature, including flowers and insects, such as the dragonfly, a popular motif in Art Nouveau design. [106] Though he was not trained as an architect, he designed many buildings in Aveiro and in other cities in Portugal. The Tiffany Chapel, along with one of the windows of Tiffany's home in New York, are now on display at the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art in Winter Park, Florida. The mosaic floors and walls were decorated with delicate arabesques in floral and vegetal forms, which became the most popular signature of the style. Art Nouveau did not eschew the use of machines, as the Arts and Crafts movement did. The Klimt mural for the dining room at the Palais Stoclet (1905–1911) is considered a masterpiece of late Art Nouveau. 11, Christian Tell Street) and the Cantacuzino Palace (no. [137] The sculptor of the building is Diego Masana from Barcelona.[137]. [5][51][52] Belgian designers took advantage of an abundant supply of ivory imported from the Belgian Congo; mixed sculptures, combining stone, metal and ivory, by such artists as Philippe Wolfers, was popular. [3], One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts. Examples of the Liberty style include the Villino Florio (1899–1902) by Ernesto Basile in Palermo; the Palazzo Castiglioni in Milan by Giuseppe Sommaruga (1901–1903); Milan, and the Casa Guazzoni (1904–05) in Milan by Giovanni Battista Bossi (1904–06).[95]. Another characteristic of Art Nouveau architecture was the use of light, by opening up of interior spaces, by the removal of walls, and the extensive use of skylights to bring a maximum amount of light into the interior. In the Netherlands, the style was known as the Nieuwe Stijl ("New Style"), or Nieuwe Kunst ("New Art"), and it took a different direction from the more floral and curving style in Belgium. he asked. It influenced both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt. For example, unlike Symbolist painting, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and, in contrast to the artisan-oriented Arts & Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau artists readily employed new materials, and did not turn their backs on mass-produced or machined surfaces. Art Nouveau is related to, but not identical with, styles that emerged in many countries in Europe at about the same time. The merger of unity and variety gave birth to a style known as Ål Stil. [101] The two latter buildings have been listed by UNESCO as World Cultural Heritage.[102]. The graphic arts flourished in the Art Nouveau period, thanks to new technologies of printing, particularly colour lithography, which allowed the mass production of colour posters. English uses the French name Art Nouveau ("new art"), but the style has many different names in other countries. The enterprising Siegfried Bing founded a monthly journal, Le Japon artistique in 1888, and published thirty-six issues before it ended in 1891. The journals Jugend and Simplicissimus, published in Munich, and Pan, published in Berlin, were important proponents of the Jugendstil. [121], Illustration of the Firebird by Ivan Bilibin (1899), Set for Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's ballet Scheherazade by Leon Bakst (1910), Program design for "Afternoon of a Faun" by Leon Bakst for Ballets Russes, (1912), Chairs by Sergey Malyutin, Talashkino Art Colony, Ceramic fireplace on Russian folklore theme by Mikhail Vrubel (1908), Модерн ("Modern") was very colourful Russian variation of Art Nouveau which appeared in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in 1898 with the publication of a new art journal, "Мир искусства" (transliteration: Mir Iskusstva) ("The World of Art"), by Russian artists Alexandre Benois and Léon Bakst, and chief editor Sergei Diaghilev. Another major modernista was Josep Puig i Cadafalch, who designed the Casa Martí and its Els Quatre Gats café, the Casimir Casaramona textile factory (now the CaixaFòrum art museum), Casa Macaya, Casa Amatller, the Palau del Baró de Quadras (housing Casa Àsia for 10 years until 2013) and the Casa de les Punxes ("House of Spikes"). His first and most famous architectural work was the Beurs van Berlage (1896–1903), the Amsterdam Commodities Exchange, which he built following the principles of constructivism. His furniture often featured a keyhole design, and had unusual coverings, including parchment and silk, and inlays of bone and ivory. A variation called Style Sapin ("Pine Tree Style") emerged in La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. The Czech artist Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939) arrived in Paris in 1888, and in 1895, made a poster for actress Sarah Bernhardt in the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou in Théâtre de la Renaissance. Other influential Paris furniture designers were Charles Plumet, and Alexandre Charpentier. Low price guarantee, fast shipping & free returns, and custom framing options on all prints. The works shown there were not at all uniform in style. Art Nouveau or Jugendstil is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art – especially the decorative arts – that was most popular during 1890–1910. The quantity and quality of Art Nouveau architecture was among the criteria for including Riga in UNESCO World Cultural Heritage.[125]. Omissions? De Arloy is an authentic replication of Art Nouveau script styles. In 1893, Zsolnay introduced porcelain pieces made of eosin. Another architect who created several notable works in Finland was Lars Sonck. Jugendstil was later applied to other versions of Art Nouveau in Germany, the Netherlands. 28–29", "The "Coup de Fouet" magazine, vol. Earlier Art Nouveau furniture, such as that made by Louis Majorelle and Henry van de Velde, was characterized by the use of exotic and expensive materials, including mahogany with inlays of precious woods and trim, and curving forms without right angles. Another prominent designer in the style was Richard Riemerschmid, who made furniture, pottery, and other decorative objects in a sober, geometric style that pointed forward toward Art Deco. [122], Of Russian architects, the most prominent in the pure Art Nouveau style was Fyodor Schechtel. The Saint Petersburg architect Nikolai Vasilyev built in a range of styles before emigrating in 1923. The architect who built Grand Duke's house, as well as the largest structure of the colony (Wedding tower), was Joseph Maria Olbrich, one of the Vienna Secession founders. used in particular in the interiors of Victor Horta and the decoration of Louis Majorelle and Émile Gallé. It was built by a Russian businessman and newspaper owner, and then, after the Russian Revolution, became the residence of the writer Maxim Gorky, and is now the Gorky Museum. There were different variations of Art Nouveau architecture in Riga: Some later Neo-Classical buildings also contained Art Nouveau details. In the popular domain, the flowery organic lines of Art Nouveau were revived as a new psychedelic style in fashion and in the typography used on rock and pop album covers and in commercial advertising. Art Nouveau artists sought to integrate art with the everyday, producing beautiful objects … His designs from about 1903, the Casa Batlló (1904–1906) and Casa Milà (1906–1912),[97] are most closely related to the stylistic elements of Art Nouveau. The company was stranded in Paris first by the outbreak of World War I, and then by the Russian Revolution in 1917, and ironically never performed in Russia. Corrections? Art Nouveau may go by many different names, but its look is unmistakable. Notable designers included Lars Kisarvik, who designed chairs with traditional Viking and Celtic patterns, and Gerhard Munthe, who designed a chair with a stylized dragon-head emblem from ancient Viking ships, as well as a wide variety of posters, paintings and graphics. Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration. The most unusual and picturesque French designer was François-Rupert Carabin, a sculptor by training, whose furniture featured sculpted nude female forms and symbolic animals, particularly cats, who combined Art Nouveau elements with Symbolism. [153] though his sculpture is not considered Art Nouveau. Art nouveau combines geometric shapes with themes from nature, such as insects, plants, flowers, trees, and sometimes mythical fairies. [71] Later Belgian Henry van de Velde joined the movement[nb 2]. Céramiques, meubles, objets d’art, verreries… L’Art nouveau offre un véritable univers esthétique idéalement mis à la portée de tous. Antoni Gaudí designed furniture for many of the houses he built; one example is an armchair called the for the Battle House. In his works, he used pygorganite placed in production by 1886 by Zsolnay Porcelain Manufactory. It reached its peak at the 1900 Paris International Exposition, which introduced the Art Nouveau work of artists such as Louis Tiffany. [40] Josef Hoffmann designed the Viennese exhibit at the Paris exposition, highlighting the designs of the Vienna Secession. He also established a major reputation as a furniture designer and decorator, working closely with his wife, Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh, a prominent painter and designer. In his Güell Pavilions (1884–1887) and then Parc Güell (1900–1914) he also used a new technique called trencadís, which used waste ceramic pieces. [163] He took the greatest pride in his work as a history painter. [81] This material was used in the construction of notable Hungarian buildings of other styles, e.g. The Baltic Exhibition in Malmö 1914 can be seen as the last major manifestation of the Jugendstil in Sweden. [81] [123], Ryabushinsky House in Moscow by Fyodor Schechtel (1900), Main staircase of Ryabushinsky House Moscow by Fyodor Schechtel (1900), Teremok House in Talashkino a Russian Revival work by Sergey Malyutin (1901–1902), Cartouche with a mascaron, on the facade of the Singer House, by Pavel Suzor (1904), Pertsova House by Sergey Malyutin in Moscow (1905–1907), Facade of the Hotel Metropol in Moscow with mosaics by Mikhail Vrubel (1899–1907), Dining room of the Grand Hotel Europe in Saint Petersburg (1910), Russian Revival exterior of Yaroslavsky railway station by Fyodor Schechtel in Moscow (1902–1904), The Holy Spirit Church in Talashkino, by Sergey Malyutin. "[54] Like Victor Horta and Gaudí, he was an admirer of architectural theories of Viollet-le-Duc. Art Nouveau was a luxury style, which required expert and highly-paid craftsmen, and could not be easily or cheaply mass-produced. He designed the residence of a prominent Belgian chemist, Émile Tassel, on a very narrow and deep site. 16 (2010), pp. Victor Horta, A carpet in the collection King Baudouin Foundation. French designers all made special works for the Exhibition: Lalique crystal and jewellery; jewellery by Henri Vever and Georges Fouquet; Daum glass; the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres in porcelain; ceramics by Alexandre Bigot; sculpted glass lamps and vases by Émile Gallé; furniture by Édouard Colonna and Louis Majorelle; and many other prominent arts and crafts firms. Another important architect was Károly Kós who was a follower of John Ruskin and William Morris. There were a great number of artists and designers who worked in the Art Nouveau style. He helped decorate the famous cabaret Le Chat noir in 1885 and made his first posters for the Fêtes de Paris. In 1899, based on the fame of the Castel Béranger, Guimard received a commission to design the entrances of the stations of the new Paris Métro, which opened in 1900. Just four meters wide, it is decorated from top to bottom with curving ornament, in a virtually Art Nouveau-Baroque style. [126], Another notable building in the style is the Villa Fallet La Chaux-de-Fonds, a chalet designed and built in 1905 by a student of L'Epplattenier, the eighteen-year-old Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (1887–1965) who later became better known as Le Corbusier, The form of the house was a traditional Swiss chalet, but the decoration of the facade included triangular trees and other natural features. The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900). Atlantes,[186] caryatids,[187] putti,[188] and gargoyles[189] were also used. The furniture of de Feure at the Bing pavilion won a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition. For the previous two centuries, the emphasis in fine jewellery had been creating dramatic settings for diamonds. [101] Casa Batlló, Casa Milà, Güell Pavilions, and Parc Güell were results of his collaboration with Josep Maria Jujol, who himself created houses in Sant Joan Despí (1913–1926), several churches near Tarragona (1918 and 1926) and the sinuous Casa Planells (1924) in Barcelona. [1] It was a reaction against the academic art, eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decoration. Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration. In architectural sculpture not only statues but also reliefs were used. The style was particularly popular in restaurants and cafés, including Maxim's at 3, rue Royale, and Le Train bleu at the Gare de Lyon (1900).[44]. Many patterns were designed for and produced by for the major French textile manufacturers in Mulhouse, Lille and Lyon, by German and Belgian workshops. An important neighbourhood of Art Nouveau houses appeared in the French city of Nancy, around the Villa Majorelle (1901–02), the residence of the furniture designer Louis Majorelle. The most prominent architect of the Vienna Secession was Otto Wagner,[76] he joined the movement soon after its inception to follow his students Hoffmann and Olbrich. His works were first imported to Germany, then to France by Siegfried Bing, and then became one of the decorative sensations of the 1900 Exposition. 58 on Sfinții Voievozi Street, the beautiful Mița the Cyclist House (no. Prominent graphic artists and illustrators in the style included Jan Toorop, whose work inclined toward mysticism and symbolism, even in his posters for salad oil. Other British graphic artists who had an important place in the style included Walter Crane and Charles Ashbee.[60]. Specific to Art Nouveau is the embossed ornamentation of the facades, either with naturalistic floral motifs, such as those of the School of Nancy, or motifs inspired by marine fauna (shells, dolphins, marine chimeras, ships, masts, ...). The Secession Hall in Vienna by Joseph Maria Olbrich (1897–98), Vampire in Ver Sacrum #12 (1899) p. 8 by Ernst Stöhr, Woman in a Yellow Dress by Max Kurzweil (1907). From the outset, artists working in the Art Nouveau style advocated the unity of all the arts and argued against discrimination between fine art (painting and sculpture) and the so-called lesser, decorative arts. 12 (2008), pp. [16], In France, it was influenced by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, a declared enemy of the historical Beaux-Arts architectural style. This was used in particular by Belgian architect Paul Hankar for the houses he built for two artist friends, Paul Cauchie and Albert Ciamberlani. [168] In Britain, a number of floral stained glass designs were created by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh for the architectural display called "The House of an Art Lover". This complex international style in architecture and design was parallel to symbolism in fine art. The Karlsplatz Station is now an exhibition hall of the Vienna Museum. Villa Fallet with fir-inspired decoration (1906) by Eduard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) (1905). Many modern designers and decorators were a part of this culture, that started during the 1890s. He pointed to the example of Egyptian furniture, and preferred chairs with right angles. The name is taken from the artistic journal, Die Jugend, or Youth, which was published in Munich. The curving lines and forms evolved into polygons and then into cubes and other geometric forms. 31 (2019), p. 34", https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320/multiple=1&unique_number=364, L'Art appliqué : le style moderne, revue internationale, Éditeur : H. Laurens (Paris) 1903–04, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Europeana virtual exhibition of Art Nouveau, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Nouveau&oldid=996448628, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with incomplete citations from September 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. His major Jugendstil works include Tampere Cathedral (1902–1907), Ainola, the home of Jean Sibelius (1903), Headquarters of the Helsinki Telephone Association (1903–1907) and Kallio Church in Helsinki (1908–1912). [29][30] The exterior of the house was inspired the Red House, the residence of writer and theorist William Morris, the founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. 77–83", An Introduction to the Work of Alphonse Mucha and Art Nouveau, "The "Coup de Fouet" magazine, vol. On the European continent, Art Nouveau was influenced by experiments with expressive line by the painters Paul Gauguin and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Esposizione internazionale d'arte decorativa moderna, Ramon Casas and Pere Romeu in an Automobile, Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art, Juan Carlos Castagnino Municipal Museum of Art, Museum-Residence of Dr. Anastácio Gonçalves, Taganrog Museum of Architecture and Urbanism, Musée des Beaux-Arts in La Chaux-de-Fonds, "Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels)", Gontar, Cybele. The most important architect and furniture designer in the style was Hendrik Petrus Berlage, who denounced historical styles and advocated a purely functional architecture. [88] The main railway station (1901–1909) was designed by Josef Fanta and features paintings of Václav Jansa and sculptures of Ladislav Šaloun and Stanislav Sucharda along with other artists. Several art colonies in Russia in this period were built in the Russian Revival style. Folk art also inspired the creation of tapestries, carpets, embroidery and textiles in Central Europe and Scandinavia, in the work of Gerhard Munthe and Frida Hansen in Norway. [45][46] Swiss-born Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen created the famous poster for the Paris cabaret Le Chat noir in 1896. railway stations, churches, cafes, restaurants, pubs, hotels, stores, offices, libraries, cemeteries, fountains as well as numerous apartment buildings that are still inhabited). c.1906, German Art Nouveau is commonly known by its German name, Jugendstil, or "Youth Style". [65] It referred especially to the forms of typography and graphic design found in German magazines such as Jugend, Pan, and Simplicissimus. [67] The painter Klimt became the president of the group. Aubrey Beardsley in England, and Eugène Grasset, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Félix Vallotton achieved international recognition as illustrators. Art Nouveau Interior Design Style Art Nouveau is a popular and undoubtedly beautiful style of interior design. Art Nouveau was a design style that became popular in Europe and the United States in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Buildings of the style have linear decor and echoes of both Jugendstil and vernacular elements, e.g. [130] The Columbian Exposition was an important venue for Tiffany; a chapel he designed was shown at the Pavilion of Art and Industry. [56], Important figures in Dutch ceramics and porcelain included Jurriaan Kok and Theo Colenbrander. He commissioned the sculptor Alfred Crick and the painter Adolphe Crespin [fr] to decorate the facades of houses with their work. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O7926/chair-mackmurdo-arthur-heygate/, https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/arts-and-crafts-an-introduction, "The "Coup de Fouet" magazine, vol. He invented a specifically American variety of Art Nouveau, declaring that decorative forms should oscillate, surge, mix and derive without end. Art Nouveau is represented in painting and sculpture, but it is most prominent in architecture and the decorative arts. Typography is a key part of any Art Nouveau-style layout. Another notable American glass artist was John La Farge, who created intricate and colourful stained glass windows on both religious and purely decorative themes.[168]. Among the examples of Art Nouveau architecture in Bucharest are townhouses, which sometimes have only horseshoe-shaped windows or other forms or ornaments specific to Art Nouveau. His house was completed in 1903, the same year as Horta's Hotel Tassel, and featured sgraffiti murals on the facade. Balcony of Castel Béranger in Paris, by Hector Guimard (1897–98), Railings by Louis Majorelle for the Bank Renauld in Nancy, Tulip candelabra by Fernand Dubois (1899), Table Lamp by François-Raoul Larche in gilt bronze, with the dancer Loïe Fuller as model (1901), Entrance grill of the Villa Majorelle in Nancy (1901–02), Cast iron Baluster by George Grant Elmslie (1899-1904), Lamp by German architect Friedrich Adler (1903–04), Lamp by Ernst Riegel made of silver and malachite (1905), Gate of the Palais Stoclet by Josef Hoffmann, Brussels (1905-1911), The 19th-century architectural theorist Viollet-le-Duc had advocated showing, rather than concealing the iron frameworks of modern buildings, but Art Nouveau architects Victor Horta and Hector Guimard went a step further: they added iron decoration in curves inspired by floral and vegetal forms both in the interiors and exteriors of their buildings. Sarah Bernhardt set aside large numbers of her posters for sale to collectors. Developed through the 1890s it was brought to a wider audience by the 1900 Exposition Universelle. It was often inspired by natural forms such as t… The central element of the house was the stairway, not enclosed by walls, but open, decorated with a curling wrought-iron railing, and placed beneath a high skylight. Other notable French designers included Henri Bellery-Desfontaines, who took his inspiration from the neo-Gothic styles of Viollet-le-Duc; and Georges de Feure, Eugène Gaillard, and Édouard Colonna, who worked together with art dealer Siegfried Bing to revitalize the French furniture industry with new themes. Curves, asymmetrical forms, and intense colors were other common motifs of the movement. The most influential contribution of the "World of Art" was the creation of a new ballet company, the Ballets Russes, headed by Diaghilev, with costumes and sets designed by Bakst and Benois. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He also was a member of Mir iskusstva movement. The porcelain figurine Dancer with a Scarf by Agathon Léonard won recognition both in ceramics and in sculpture at the Paris Exposition in 1900. Mosaic by Miksa Róth at Török Bank [fr] building in Budapest (1906), Relief at the facade of Gresham Palace by Géza Maróti in Budapest (1906), Cabinet by Ödön Faragó, from Budapest (1901), The movement that promoted Szecesszió in arts was Gödöllő Art Colony, founded by Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch, also a follower John Ruskin and William Morris and a professor at the Royal School of Applied Arts in Budapest in 1901. [127][126][128][129], Tiffany Chapel from the 1893 Word's Columbian Exposition, now in the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art in Winter Park, Florida, Glass vase by Louis Comfort Tiffany now in the Cincinnati Art Museum (1893–96), Poster Century by Louis John Rhead (1894), Wisteria lamp by Louis Comfort Tiffany (circa 1902), in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Tiffany window in his house at Oyster Bay, New York, The Flight of Souls Window by Louis Comfort Tiffany won a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition, Windows of the Wainwright Building by Louis Sullivan (1891), South State Street entrance to the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Store (1899) by Louis Sullivan, Detail of the Prudential (Guaranty) Building, New York Louis Sullivan (1896), National Farmer's Bank of Owatonna by Louis Sullivan (1907–08). [107][106] One of them, the Major Pessoa residence, has both an Art Nouveau facade and interior, and now hosts the Museum of Arte Nova.[106]. Hankar decorated stores, restaurants and galleries in what a local critic called "a veritable delirium of originality". [nb 1] Parisians had been complaining of the monotony of the architecture of the boulevards built under Napoleon III by Georges-Eugène Haussmann. The highlight of his career was the Loan Bank in Radmannsdorf (now Radovljica) in 1906.[87]. The most famous example is the Ryabushinsky House in Moscow. Examples of stained glass windows in churches can be found in the Art Nouveau religious buildings article. Majorelle was known for his use of exotic and expensive woods, and for attaching bronze sculpted in vegetal themes to his pieces of furniture. [171], Entrance of Hôtel Solvay in Brussels by Victor Horta (1898), Detail of the facade of the Villa Majorelle by Henri Sauvage in Nancy (1901–02), Thistles and curve-lined mascarons in decoration of Les Chardons building by Charles Klein in Paris (1903), Jugendstil straight-lined mascaron in Riga, Latvia (1906), Whiplash motifs at Vitebsky railway station by Sima Mihash and Stanislav Brzozowski, Saint Petersburg (1904), One of the mascarons made by Adamo Boari in the facade of the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, Mexico (1904–1934), Asymmetric facade with curved lines of De Beck building by Gustave Strauven in Brussels (1905), Irises and mascaron at the facade of Schichtel building by Aloys Walter in Strasbourg, France (1905–06), Art Nouveau architecture was a reaction against the eclectic styles that dominated European architecture in the second half of the 19th century. In the process, Art Nouveau helped to narrow the gap between the fine and the applied arts, though it is debatable whether this gap has ever been completely closed.

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