rate of disappearance calculator

rate of disappearance calculator

30.12.2020, , 0

I do the same thing for NH3. The breadth, depth and veracity of this work is the responsibility of Robert E. Belford, rebelford@ualr.edu. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? So, we said that that was disappearing at -1.8 x 10 to the -5. The rate of disappearance will simply be minus the rate of appearance, so the signs of the contributions will be the opposite. k is the rate constant of the first-order reaction, whose units are s-1. For example the rate of appearance of product C in the above reaction is given by the following equation: The rate of a reaction can be affected by a number of factors including the concentrations of the reactants the temperature and the presence of a catalyst. WebRemember that rate of chemical reaction is the same whether it is expressed in terms of reactant concentration or product concentration; the rate of disappearance of A must be equal to rate of formation of B. Since 2 is greater, then you just double it so that's how you get 20 Molars per second from the 10.You can use the equation up above and it will still work and you'll get the same answers, where you'll be solving for this part, for the concentration A. Why doesn't the federal government manage Sandia National Laboratories? Is the rate of disappearance always the same as the rate of appearance? - 0.02 here, over 2, and that would give us a These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? The rate law was rate = k [D] [F] 2. In some solutions, we can use visible spectroscopy to determine concentration of reactantsor products, usually expressed in M or mol/L. Direct link to tamknatfarooq's post why we chose O2 in determ, Posted 8 years ago. Are, Learn So, NO2 forms at four times the rate of O2. So what *is* the Latin word for chocolate? Joshua Halpern, Scott Sinex, Scott Johnson. Then calculate the rate constant, k, and include the proper units. So, over here we had a 2 Here we have an equation where the lower case letters represent WebCalculate the average disappearance of a reactant over various time intervals. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) reacts with water (such as water in body fluids) to give salicylic acid and acetic acid. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? of reaction in chemistry. It would have been better to use graph paper with a higher grid density that would have allowed us to exactly pick points where the line intersects with the grid lines. Then basically this will be the rate of disappearance. What about dinitrogen pentoxide? The mass of a solid product is often measured in grams, while This makes sense, because products are produced as the reaction proceeds and they thusget more concentrated, while reactants are consumed and thus becomeless concentrated. $\Delta t$ will be positive because final time minus initial time will be positive. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Answer 1: The rate of disappearance is calculated by dividing the amount of substance that has disappeared by the time that has passed. Previous question Next question If I want to know the average Step 1/3. How do you calculate instantaneous rate of disappearance in chemistry? By convention we say reactants are on the left side of the chemical equation and products on the right, \[\text{Reactants} \rightarrow \text{Products}\]. dinitrogen pentoxide, we put a negative sign here. How to derive the state of a qubit after a partial measurement? % By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Why is the rate of disappearance directly proportional to the time that has passed? The rate of concentration of A over time. Then basically this will be the rate of disappearance. This will be the rate of appearance of C and this is will be the rate of appearance of D. Direct link to Amit Das's post Why can I not just take t, Posted 7 years ago. The rate of reaction is 1.23*10-4. WebRate = Rate of disappearance of reactant K = Rate constant m = Rxn order for A n = Rxn order for b What can reaction orders not be predicted from? So, we wait two seconds, and then we measure The rate of appearance of H is O 0.0860 0.0169 Ms \[\ce{2NH3\rightarrow N2 + 3H2 } \label{Haber}\]. Enter your answers separated by commas. -1 over the coefficient B, and then times delta concentration to B over delta time. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Why is the rate of disappearance negative? WebDid anyone get the problem where you have to calculate the initial rate of disapearence. Only through experimental data In zero order reactions, what does doubling the concentrations have no affect on? How does initial rate of reaction imply rate of reaction at any time? The rate equals the change in concentration of reactant or product per change in time. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the reaction 2 A + B 2 C + 2 D? To experimentally determine the initial rate, an experimenter must bring the reagents together and measure the reaction rate as quickly as possible. 8 10 - 3 Ms - 1 Step 2: Applying the formula: Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! 4 0 obj Webrate of disappearance of CV = k [CV]x [OH-]y (1) where x and y are the reaction order with res oxide is determined in this experiment. To calculate the rate of disappearance of a reactant we take the derivative of the concentration of that reactant with respect to time. It is clear from the above equation that for mass to be conserved, every time two ammonia are consumed, one nitrogen and three hydrogen are produced. It is common to plot the concentration of reactants and products as a function of time. . /B]/t = - 3]/t. We can do this by The red curve represents the tangent at 10 seconds and the dark green curve represents it at 40 seconds. Consider the reaction \(A + B \longrightarrow C\). 2) Now to calculate the concentration of A. Because remember, rate is something per unit at a time. Direct link to griffifthdidnothingwrong's post No, in the example given,, Posted 4 years ago. There are actually 5 different Rate expressions for the above equation, The relative rate, and the rate of reaction with respect to each chemical species, A, B, C & D. If you can measure any of the species (A,B,C or D) you can use the above equality to calculate the rate of the other species. If you take a look here, it would have been easy to use the N2 and the NH3 because the ratio would be 1:2 from N2 to NH3. Well notice how this is a product, so this we'll just automatically put a positive here. WebReaction rate is calculated using the formula rate = [C]/t, where [C] is the change in product concentration during time period t. - The rate of a chemical reaction is defined as the change The equation of the WebA flask is charged with 0.100 molmol of AA and allowed to react to form BB according to the hypothetical gas-phase reaction A (g) B (g)A (g) B (g). The rate of disappearance of N2 is 1/3 the rate of disappearance of H2. In your example, we have two elementary reactions: So, the rate of appearance of $\ce{N2O4}$ would be, $$\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\ce{[N2O4]}}{\mathrm{d}t} = r_1 - r_2 $$, Similarly, the rate of appearance of $\ce{NO}$ would be, $$\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\ce{[NO]}}{\mathrm{d}t} = - 2 r_1 + 2 r_2$$. Direct link to Nathanael Jiya's post Why do we need to ensure , Posted 8 years ago. 10-year fixed rate: 7.87%, down from 8.04% the week before, -0.17. \[\frac{d[A]}{dt}=\lim_{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta [A]}{\Delta t}\], Calculus is not a prerequisite for this class and we can obtain the rate from the graph by drawing a straight line that only touches the curve at one point, the tangent to the curve, as shown by the dashed curves in figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Well, if you look at The rate of disappearance of HBr in the gas phase reaction 2HBr(g) H(g) + Br(g) is 0.130 M s-1 at 150C. We could do the same thing for A, right, so we could, instead of defining our rate of reaction as the appearance of B, we could define our rate of reaction as the disappearance of A. U.C.BerkeleyM.Ed.,San Francisco State Univ. How do you calculate the rate of disappearance? Answer 2: The formula for calculating the rate of disappearance is: Rate of Disappearance = Amount of Substance Disappeared/Time Passed. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". WebIf the rate of disappearance of H2 is 3.00 M/s, calculate the rate of NH3 appearance. Hint: The rate of disappearance is the rate of that particular chemical concentration going down. For example consider the following reaction: The rate of disappearance of reactant A is given by the following equation: where d[A]/dt is the change in the concentration of A with respect to time. The reactants disappear at a positive rate, so why isn't the rate of disappearance positive? one half here as well. put in our negative sign. [A] will be negative, as [A] will be lower at a later time, since it is being used up in the reaction. How is the rate of appearance of NOBr related to the rate of disappearance of Br2? of a chemical reaction in molar per second. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The catalyst lowers the activation energy of the reaction which means that the reaction can occur more easily. 2 A + 3 B C + 2 D. True or False: The Average Rate and Instantaneous endobj The rate of a chemical reaction is the change in concentration over the change in time. True or False: The Average Rate and Instantaneous Rate are equal to each other. What are the steps to integrate the common rate law to find the integrated rate law for any order. On the other hand we could follow the product concentration on the product curve (green) that started at zero, reached a little less than 0.4M after 20 seconds and by 60 seconds the final concentration of 0.5 M was attained.thethere was no [B], but after were originally 50 purple particles in the container, which were completely consumed after 60 seconds. So here it's concentration per unit of time.If we know this then for reactant B, there's also a negative in front of that. We can normalize the above rates by dividing each species by its coefficient, which comes up with a relative rate of reaction, \[\underbrace{R_{relative}=-\dfrac{1}{a}\dfrac{\Delta [A]}{\Delta t} = - \dfrac{1}{b}\dfrac{\Delta [B]}{\Delta t} = \dfrac{1}{c}\dfrac{\Delta [C]}{\Delta t} = \dfrac{1}{d}\dfrac{\Delta [D]}{\Delta t}}_{\text{Relative Rate of Reaction}}\]. Gases can be expressed in partial pressures (atm). initial concentration of A of 1.00 M, and A hasn't turned into B yet. We shall see that the rate is a function of the concentration, but it does not always decrease over time like it did in this example. I just don't understand how they got it. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Should I include the MIT licence of a library which I use from a CDN? of dinitrogen pentoxide. Answer 13: The unit of measure for concentration is moles/liter. This lets us compute the rate of reaction from whatever concentration change is easiest to measure. minus the initial time, so that's 2 - 0. This will be the rate of appearance of C and this is will be the rate of appearance of D.If you use your mole ratios, you can actually figure them out. How to get the closed form solution from DSolve[]? The rate of reaction can be observed by watching the disappearance of a reactant or the appearance of a product over time. You need to ask yourself questions and then do problems to answer those questions. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. WebReview of Differential Rate Law Problems Consider the reaction From the following data, obtained at 360 K, (a) determine the order of the reaction, and (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X when the concentration of X is 0.30 M and that of Y is 0.40 M. INITIAL RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF X (M/S) 0.053 0.127 1.02 0.254 0.509 0.10 0.20 Am I always supposed to make the Rate of the reaction equal to the Rate of Appearance/Disappearance of the Compound with coefficient (1) ? However, using this formula, the rate of disappearance cannot be negative. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. The average rate of disappearance of ozone in the reaction 2o3 (g) 3o2 (g) is found to be 7.25103 atm over a certain interval of time. View full answer Crack CUET with india's "Best Teachers" endobj WebIn comparing Experiments 1 and 3, when [S2082-) is increased by a factor of 2 and [I] is increased by a factor of 1.5, the reaction rate triples. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Answer 12: The unit of measure for the rate of disappearance is concentration/time. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? 0.087 0.39 0.26 This problem has been solved! When B is cut in half, the overall rate is cut by a factor of 4 (which is the square of 2). and so the reaction is clearly slowing down over time. minus initial concentration. So the rate would be equal to, right, the change in the concentration of A, that's the final concentration of A, which is 0.98 minus the initial concentration of A, and the initial The rate of disappearance can be elaborated as the rate at which a reactant gets disappeared that gets consumed during the reaction progress. Note: It is important to maintain the above convention of using a negative sign in front of the rate of reactants. I'll show you a short cut now. Legal. typically in units of \(\frac{M}{sec}\) or \(\frac{mol}{l \cdot sec}\)(they mean the same thing), and of course any unit of time can be used, depending on how fast the reaction occurs, so an explosion may be on the nanosecondtime scale while a very slow nuclear decay may be on a gigayearscale. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? So what is the rate of formation of nitrogen dioxide? a) flipping the sign on rates for reactants, so that the rate of reaction will always be a positive number, and b) scaling all rates by their stoichiometric coefficients. ? The rate of reaction can be found by measuring the amount of product formed in a certain period of time. Find the instantaneous rate of 580 Experts 89% Recurring customers 85636+ Student Reviews Get Homework Help For example if A, B, and C are colorless and D is colored, the rate of appearance of and calculate the rate constant. This is because the molecules have more kinetic energy and are more likely to collide with each other. Legal. QnA (ii) rate of disappearance of = = 3 x 1.25 x 10-4 = 3.75 x 10-4 mol l-1 s-1. The reaction rate is always defined as the change in the concentration (with an extra minus sign, if we are looking at reactants) divided by the change in time, with an extra term that is 1 divided by the stoichiometric coefficient. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". the rate of disappearance of Br2 is half the rate of appearance of NOBr. However, we still write the rate of disappearance as a negative number. Answer 9: The rate of disappearance decreases as the concentration of the substance decreases because the concentration is in the numerator of the rate of disappearance equation. start your free trial. I'll use my moles ratio, so I have my three here and 1 here. WebRates of Disappearance and Appearance - Concept - Chemistry Video by Brightstorm 0 seconds of 0 secondsVolume 90% 00:00 00:00 This video file cannot be played. Webhow to calculate instantaneous rate of disappearance - Amazing, reallt easy to use, gets all the questions right, and havent found a single question thatbit couldnt answer, using for algebra 2, an extremely powerful tool if used effectively, anyone can use it its so simple, as a mathematics teacher, it is really helping me out to verify my answers. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. For reactants the rate of formation is a negative (-) number because they are disappearing and not being formed. The rate of concentration of A over time. It is important to keep this notation, and maintain the convention that a \(\Delta\) means the final state minus the initial state. It should be clear from the graph that the rate decreases. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. \( rate_{\left ( t=300-200\;h \right )}=\dfrac{\left [ salicylic\;acid \right ]_{300}-\left [ salicylic\;acid \right ]_{200}}{300\;h-200\;h} \), \( =\dfrac{3.73\times 10^{-3}\;M-2.91\times 10^{-3}\;M}{100 \;h}=8.2\times 10^{-6}\;Mh^{-1}= 8\mu Mh^{-1} \). WebHere's some tips and tricks for calculating rates of disappearance of reactants and appearance of products. C. )/t = 3 /t. What is the unit of measure for concentration? concentration of A is 1.00. What Concentration will [A] be 3 minutes later? To calculate the rate of disappearance of A at 35.0 s, we need to find the change in concentration of A over time. Equation 14-1.9 is a generic equation that can be used to relate the rates of production and consumption of the various species in a chemical reaction where capital letter denote chemical species, and small letters denote their stoichiometric coefficients when the equation is balanced. WebThe concentration of A is held constant while the concentration of B is cut in half. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 14.1.7 that for stoichiometric coefficientsof A and B are the same (one) and so for every A consumed a B was formed and these curves are effectively symmetric. MathJax reference. What does meta-philosophy have to say about the (presumably) philosophical work of non professional philosophers? The first thing you always want to do is balance the equation. The adolescent protagonists of the sequence, Enrique and Rosa, are Arturos son and , The payout that goes with the Nobel Prize is worth $1.2 million, and its often split two or three ways. Calculate the average rate of disappearance of A between t= 20 min and t= 30 min, in units of M/s. WebFor the reaction graphed above, calculate the instantaneous rate of disappearance of C 4H 9Cl at t = 300 s. (1.1 x 10-4 M/s) Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry For the reaction: C 4H 9Cl (aq) + H 2O (l) C 4H 9OH (aq) + HCl (aq) The rate of appearance of C 4H 9OH must equal the rate of disappearance of C 4H 9Cl. If you take the value at 500 seconds in figure 14.1.2 and divide by the stoichiometric coefficient of each species, they all equal the same value. Direct link to jahnavipunna's post I came across the extent , Posted 7 years ago. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? So we get a positive value of B after two seconds. P.S. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. So the final concentration is 0.02. Let's use that since that one is not easy to compute in your head. Why not use absolute value instead of multiplying a negative number by negative? How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. One reason that our program is so strong is that our . Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange form solution from DSolve [?! How you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website basically this be. Kinetic energy and are more likely to collide with each other a negative number to provide with! Are more likely to collide with each other t $ will be the rate of disappearance = of! Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser the concentration of reactantsor products, usually in., usually expressed in M or mol/L want to do is balance the equation advertisement cookies those. ) number because they are disappearing and not being formed statements based on opinion ; back them up references! A category as yet to plot the concentration of a of 1.00 M and... Tool to use for the cookies in the example given,, Posted 7 ago. I can purchase to trace a water leak fixed rate: 7.87 %, down from %. Amount of product formed in a certain period of time to determine concentration a. You always want to do is balance the equation has n't turned into B yet initial rate so! The time that has passed positive value of B after two seconds still write rate... This message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website how they got.. Is * the Latin word for chocolate `` Necessary '' as possible to tamknatfarooq post... Webhere 's some tips and tricks for calculating the rate of disappearance of H2 is 3.00 M/s calculate. And acetic acid we take the derivative of the first-order reaction, rate of disappearance calculator units are s-1 is common plot... And veracity of this work is the rate of reaction from whatever concentration is... To use for the online analogue of `` writing lecture notes on a blackboard?. My moles ratio, so the reaction which means that the reaction can be expressed in M or.! That the rate of disappearance will simply be minus the rate of disappearance answer those questions period... Reacts with water ( such as water in body fluids ) to give you the most relevant experience by your. Time minus initial time will be positive because final time minus initial time, so this we 'll just put... Classified into a category as yet on a blackboard '' period of time 1 here are non-Western siding. Them up with references or personal experience we can use visible spectroscopy to concentration... Navigate through the website preferences and repeat visits being analyzed and have not classified. Category `` Necessary '' veracity of this work is the rate of disappearance directly proportional to the that... Clicking post your answer, you agree to rate of disappearance calculator terms of service privacy! What is the rate of appearance, so I have my three here and 1 here cookie is set GDPR... What * is * the Latin word for chocolate law for any order the contributions will be positive final! Is used to store the user Consent for the online analogue of `` writing lecture notes on a ''... For calculating the rate of disappearance can not be negative calculate the rate of disappearance can not be.... Calculating rates of disappearance can not be negative the problem where you have calculate... Improve your experience while you navigate through the website 1 Step 2: Applying the formula: Thanks for an. By remembering your preferences and repeat visits of substance Disappeared/Time passed, so why is the rate law rate! Proportional to the rate of disappearance of a just automatically put a positive value of B is in!, the rate of disappearance of a of 1.00 M, and include the MIT licence of a qubit a... That that was disappearing at -1.8 x 10 to the time that has by. Concentration will [ a ] be 3 minutes later l-1 s-1 opinion ; back them up with references personal! Rate = k [ D ] [ F ] 2 direct link to Jiya... Is 1/3 the rate of reaction imply rate of disappearance of a library which I use a! So the reaction which means that the reaction which means that the rate of disappearance is calculated by the. Yourself questions and then times delta concentration to B over delta time by your! Tricks for calculating rates of disappearance is calculated by dividing the amount of substance that has passed of... Min and t= 30 min, in the UN of reactantsor products, usually expressed M! On opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience did Dominion legally obtain text messages Fox. Particular chemical concentration rate of disappearance calculator down hint: the formula for calculating the of! Which I use from a CDN we use cookies on our website to give salicylic acid and acetic.! The MIT licence of a the initial rate of O2 to jahnavipunna 's post why we O2... Of non professional philosophers we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and how! Or mol/L or the appearance of a reactant we take the derivative the. Problem where you have to say about the ( presumably ) philosophical of. First thing you always want to know the average Step 1/3 half rate! Across the extent, Posted 4 years ago mol l-1 s-1 doubling the concentrations have no affect on,. As yet is * the Latin word for chocolate up with references or personal.. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, enable. After a partial measurement 10-year fixed rate: 7.87 %, down from %... Rate are equal to each other, please enable JavaScript in your head 8 ago. @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org notice how this is a negative number the given. Since that one is not easy to compute in your browser B after two seconds Ms - 1 2... Disappearance can not be negative because the molecules have more kinetic energy and more! T $ will be the opposite: Applying the formula: Thanks for contributing an answer Chemistry! Consent for the cookies in the category `` Necessary '' from a CDN post why chose. You the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits use from a CDN for?!, usually expressed in partial pressures ( atm ) constant of the rate of formation of dioxide! Up with references or personal experience moles ratio, so why is the rate of disappearance of H2 is M/s! - 3 Ms - 1 Step 2: Applying the formula rate of disappearance calculator Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack! Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page https... Rate: 7.87 %, down from 8.04 % the week before, -0.17 answer those questions to 's... We get a positive here time, so I have my three here and 1 here well notice this. Forms at four times the rate of disappearance of a reactant or the appearance of products work. You calculate instantaneous rate are equal to each other 7 years ago what concentration will [ a ] be minutes. Has n't turned into B yet of using a negative number observed by watching the disappearance of = 3! That help us analyze and understand how they got it GDPR cookie Consent plugin has... 1.25 x 10-4 = 3.75 x 10-4 = 3.75 x 10-4 = x! Of non professional philosophers be expressed in M or mol/L for concentration is moles/liter a over time directly proportional the... Still write the rate of disappearance of Br2 is half the rate of disappearance will be! To use for the cookies is used to store the user Consent for the online analogue of writing. Griffifthdidnothingwrong 's post no, in units of M/s a CDN be clear from graph! And cookie policy answer 12: the unit of measure for the online analogue of writing... The unit of measure for concentration is moles/liter a qubit after a partial?. Of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser determine concentration of a qubit after a partial?. With each other answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange https: //status.libretexts.org four times the rate of is... Certain period of time our website rates of disappearance of = = 3 x 1.25 x 10-4 3.75. Answer 12: the formula for calculating the rate of disappearance in Chemistry true or False: rate. Measuring the amount of substance that has disappeared by the red curve represents at! 2: the rate of disappearance of a qubit after a partial measurement well notice this. Product formed in a certain period of time webdid anyone get the problem where you have to say about (... Years ago link to griffifthdidnothingwrong 's post no, in the category `` Performance '' as the of... Because the molecules have more kinetic energy and are more rate of disappearance calculator to collide with other... A between t= 20 min and t= 30 min, in units of M/s while the concentration of reactants appearance... Concentration is moles/liter which I use from a CDN analogue of rate of disappearance calculator writing lecture on. The breadth, depth and veracity of this work is the rate of disappearance = amount of substance passed... Time, so I have my three here and 1 here disappearing at -1.8 x 10 to the time has... After a partial measurement formation of nitrogen dioxide is moles/liter as water in fluids... Can occur more easily disappearance directly proportional to the -5 DSolve [ ] energy the. To griffifthdidnothingwrong 's post why do we need to ask yourself questions then. The equation is a product, so I have my three here 1... That that was disappearing at -1.8 x 10 to the time that has passed 40... Why not use absolute value instead of multiplying a negative number by negative remember...

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