paradox of warning in cyber security

paradox of warning in cyber security

30.12.2020, , 0

Terms and conditions Method: The Email Testbed (ET) provides a simulation of a clerical email work involving messages containing sensitive personal information. However, our original intention in introducing the state of nature image was to explore the prospects for peace, security and stabilityoutcomes which hopefully might be attained without surrendering all of the current virtues of cyber practice that activists and proponents champion. His 2017 annual Haaga Lecture at the University of Pennsylvania Law Schools Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law (CERL) can be found at: https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/media.php (last access July 7 2019). The good news for security professionals is that there are advanced prevention technologies in the market today that provide real value. Lucas, G. (2020). But corporate politics are complex. Question: Paradox of warning This is a research-based assignment, weighted at 70% of the overall module mark. The entire discussion of norms in IR seems to philosophers to constitute a massive exercise in what is known as the naturalistic fallacy. ;_ylu=X3oDMTByMjB0aG5zBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw%2D%2D?p=eugene+kaspersky+on+stuxnet+virus&fr=yhs-pty-pty_maps&hspart=pty&hsimp=yhs-pty_maps#id=29&vid=4077c5e7bc9e96b32244dbcbc0c04706&action=view, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet#Discovery, https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/media.php, https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. As automation reduces attack SP, the human operator becomes increasingly likely to fail in detecting and reporting attacks that remain. C. Meanwhile, the advent of quantum computing (QC) technology is liable to have an enormous impact on data storage and encryption capacities. State sponsored hacktivism and soft war. At the same time, readers and critics had been mystified by my earlier warnings regarding SSH. See the account offered in the Wikipedia article on Stuxnet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet#Discovery (last access July 7 2019). Review our privacy policy for more details. Microsoft has also made many catastrophic architectural decisions. In that domain, as we have constantly witnessed, the basic moral drive to make such a transition from a state of war to a state of peace is almost entirely lacking. The book itself was actually completed in September 2015. Microsoft technology is a significant contributing factor to increasingly devastating cyberattacks. They are also keen to retain the capacity to access all digital communications through back doors, so that encryption does not protect criminal enterprises. Even the turn away from catastrophic destruction by means of kinetic, effects-based cyber warfare (of the catastrophic kind so shrilly predicted by Richard Clarke and others) and instead towards SSH as the preferred mode of carrying out international conflict in cyber space, likewise showed the emergence of these norms of reasonable restraint. It is a commons in which the advantage seems to accrue to whomever is willing to do anything they wish to anyone they please whenever they like, without fear of accountability or retribution. The device is not designed to operate through the owners password-protected home wireless router. 18 November, 2020 . Rather, as Aristotle first observed, for those lacking so much as a tincture of virtue, there is the law. .in the nature of man, we find three principall causes of quarrel. Disarm BEC, phishing, ransomware, supply chain threats and more. This seems, more than conventional domains of political rivalry, to constitute a genuine war of all against all, as we remarked above, and yet this was the arena I chose to tackle (or perhaps more appropriately, the windmill at which I decided to tilt) in Ethics & Cyber Warfare (Lucas 2017). Small Business Solutions for channel partners and MSPs. The received wisdom that state surveillance requires back doors to encryption programs was being questioned well before Apple took its stand. Should QC become a reality, the density of storage will increase dramatically, enabling vast amounts of data (even by todays standards) to become available for analysis and data mining, while vastly increased process speeds will enable hackers to break the codes of even the most sophisticated encryption software presently available. The central examination in my book was not devoted to a straightforward mechanical application of conventional moral theory and reasoning (utilitarian, deontological, virtue theory, the ethics of care, and so forth) to specific puzzles, but to something else entirely: namely, a careful examination of what, in the IR community, is termed the emergence of norms of responsible state behaviour. Deliver Proofpoint solutions to your customers and grow your business. (Editor's note: Microsoft disputes this characterization, arguing that no investigation has found any contributing vulnerabilities in its products or services.) Meanwhile, a new wave of industrial espionage has been enabled through hacking into the video cameras and smart TVs used in corporate boardrooms throughout the world to listen in to highly confidential and secret deliberations ranging from corporate finances to innovative new product development. Learn about the technology and alliance partners in our Social Media Protection Partner program. Microsoft recently committed $20 billion over the next five years to deliver more advanced cybersecurity tools-a marked increase on the $1 billion per year it's spent since 2015. It was recently called out byCrowdStrike President and CEO George Kurtzin congressional hearings investigating the attack. Votes Reveal a Lot About Global Opinion on the War in Ukraine. % This results in the ability to prevent new first seen attacks, like zero-days, and achieve a better detection rate against a broader range of attack vectors. Perhaps already, and certainly tomorrow, it will be terrorist organisations and legal states which will exploit it with lethal effectiveness. Management can also benefit from better prevention over time, analyzing the value of their entire security investment, optimizing both technology and resource allocations, with a focus on process improvements rather than constant repair and recovery. endobj Advocates of greater law and order are metaphorically shouted down by dissidents and anarchists (such as the vigilante group, Anonymous) or their integrity called into question and undermined by the behaviour of organisations such as WikiLeaks. Encryption, while it can have an offensive use, may become the ultimate defensive weapon that will help limit the imbalance between offence and defence in cyber-warfare. Prevention is by no means a cure-all for everything security. APRIL 12, 2020 The Cybersecurity Paradox The cybersecurity industry is nothing if not crowded. Should a . This newest cryptocurrency claims to offer total financial transparency and a consequent reduction in the need for individual trust in financial transactions, eliminating (on the one hand) any chance of fraud, censorship or third-party interference. In cyberspace, attack is cheaper than defence: criminals engaged in fraudulent schemes are already exploiting that asymmetry. You know that if you were able to prevent these security incidents from happening, lets even be conservative here and say you prevent two of the three incidents (one phishing, one ransomware) you could avoid spending $1.5 million yearly. Here, what might be seen as the moral flaw or failing of universal diffidence is the reckless, thoughtless manner in which we enable such agents and render ourselves vulnerable to them through careless, unnecessary and irresponsible innovations within the IoT. On Hobbess largely realist or amoral account, in point of fact, the sole action that would represent a genuinely moral or ethical decision beyond narrow self-interest would be the enlightened decision on the part of everyone to quit the State of Nature and enter into some form of social contract that, in turn, would provide security through the stern imposition of law and order. However, with a constantly evolving threat landscape and ever-changing business priorities, rethinking prevention can make everyone involved more effective. So, it is no surprise that almost 80% of budget funds non-prevention priorities (containment, detection, remediation, and recovery). The devices design engineers seek to enhance its utility and ease of use by connecting it via the Internet to a cell phone app, providing control of quantities in storage in the machine, fineness of chopping, etc. Unfortunately, vulnerabilities and platform abuse are just the beginning. Cybersecurity Risk Paradox Cybersecurity policy & resilience | Whitepaper Around the globe, societies are becoming increasingly dependent on ICT, as it is driving rapid social, economic, and governmental development. Paradox of warning Cybersecurity, in which the environment is wholly constructed, allows for the creation of factors that improve or degrade human performance, such as prevalence effects. This is precisely what the longstanding discussion of emergent norms in IR does: it claims to discern action-guiding principles or putative obligations for individual and state behaviour merely from the prior record of experiences of individuals and states. . The good news? In the. In its defense, Microsoft would likely say it is doing all it can to keep up with the fast pace of a constantly evolving and increasingly sophisticated threat landscape. The predictive capabilities of the deep learning ai algorithm are also platform agnostic and can be applied across most OS and environments. Each of us may think himself or herself the wisest, but wisdom itself seems to lurk in the interstices of the cyber domain: in the shadows, among those who act and those who humbly discern instead. Such draconian restrictions on cyber traffic across national borders are presently the tools of totalitarian regimes such as China, Iran and North Korea, which do indeed offer security entirely at the expense of individual freedom and privacy. It is expected that the report for this task of the portfolio will be in the region of 1000 words. Unarmed civilians will continue to provide easy soft targets for terrorists, but attacks against them will have less strategic impact, and therefore be less attractive, if power is more dispersed. This site uses cookies. 11). Behind closed doors, a growing number of professionals question the effectiveness of systematic reliance on data-mining, noting that too many false alerts mean that security services are spread thin. People are not only the biggest problem and security risk but also the best tool in defending against an attack. Furthermore, what about the phenomenon of state-sponsored hacktivism? this chapter are included in the works Creative Commons license, unless Keep your people and their cloud apps secure by eliminating threats, avoiding data loss and mitigating compliance risk. Reasonably responsible state actors and agents with discernable, justifiable goals, finally, act with greater restraint (at least from prudence, if not morality), than do genuinely malevolent private, criminal actors and agents (some of whom apparently just want to see the world burn). By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. >> Moreover, does the convenience or novelty thereby attained justify the enhanced security risks those connections pose, especially as the number of such nodes on the IoT will soon vastly exceed the number of human-operated computers, tablets and cell phones? It points to a broader trend for nation states too. Review the full report The Economic Value of Prevention in the Cybersecurity Lifecycle. These ranged from the formation of a posse of ordinary citizens armed with legal authority, engaging in periodic retaliation against criminals, to the election of a Sheriff (or the appointing by government officials of a Marshal) to enforce the law and imprison law-breakers. Lets say, for argument sake, that you have three significant security incidents a year. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 70% of respondents believe the ability to prevent would strengthen their security posture. Implement the very best security and compliance solution for your Microsoft 365 collaboration suite. 18 ). Microsoftrecently committed $20 billion over the next five years to deliver more advanced cybersecurity toolsa marked increase on the $1 billion per year its spent since 2015. With email being the number one point of entry for cyber threats, this puts everyone at risk, not just Microsoft customers. Instead, as in the opening epigram from the Leviathan on diffidence, each such expert seems to think himself or herself to be the wisest, and to seem more interested in individual glory through competition with one another for the limelight than in security and the common good. Learn about this growing threat and stop attacks by securing todays top ransomware vector: email. Receive the best source of conflict analysis right in your inbox. Read the latest press releases, news stories and media highlights about Proofpoint. This is one of the primary reasons why ransomware attacks spread from single machines to entire organizations unchecked. At first blush, nothing could seem less promising than attempting to discuss ethics in cyber warfare. Excessive reliance on signal intelligence generates too much noise. Finally, in applying a similar historical, experiential methodology to the recent history of cyber conflict from Estonia (2007) to the present, I proceeded to illustrate and summarise a number of norms of responsible cyber behaviour that, indeed, seem to have emerged, and caught onand others that seem reasonably likely to do so, given a bit more time and experience. With this framework in place, it is briefly noted that the chief moral questions pertain to whether we may already discern a gradual voluntary recognition and acceptance of general norms of responsible individual and state behaviour within the cyber domain, arising from experience and consequent enlightened self-interest (As, for example, in the account of emergent norms found in Lucas (The ethics of cyber warfare. Transcribed image text: Task 1, Assessment Criteria Mark Available Information environment characteristics 10 Cyber Operation taxonomy 10 Paradox of warning 10 Critical discussion (your justified 120 & supported opinion) Total 50 It is expected you will research and discuss the notions in the above table and synthesise a defensive cyber security strategy build around the concept of the paradox . In: Christen, M., Gordijn, B., Loi, M. (eds) The Ethics of Cybersecurity. It bears mention that MacIntyre himself explicitly repudiated my account of this process, even when applied to modern communities of shared practices, such as professional societies. The unexpected truth is that the world is made a safer place by allowing public access to full encryption technology and sharing responsibility for action. By its end, youve essentially used your entire budget and improved your cybersecurity posture by 0%. I propose two reasons why the results of this survey indicate a dysfunctional relationship between budget allocation and resulting security posture. permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any Get deeper insight with on-call, personalized assistance from our expert team. The device is simple and handy, and costs under $100 and thus typifies the range of devices continually being added (without much genuine need or justification) to the Internet. Computer scientists love paradoxes, especially ones rooted in brain-twisting logical contradictions. In fact, respondents report they are more confident in their ability to contain an active breach (55%) over other tasks along the cybersecurity lifecycle. See Langners TED Talk in 2011 for his updated account: https://www.ted.com/speakers/ralph_langner (last access July 7 2019). (I apologise if I find the untutored intuitions and moral advances of those reasonable and clever devils more morally praiseworthy than the obtuse incompetence of my learned colleagues in both moral philosophy and cybersecurity, who should already know these things!). Hobbes described opposition to this morally requisite transition as arising from universal diffidence, the mutual mistrust between individuals, coupled with the misguided belief of each in his or her own superiority. Henry Kissinger The fundamental ethical dilemma in Hobbess original account of this original situation was how to bring about the morally required transition to a more stable political arrangement, comprising a rule of law under which the interests of the various inhabitants in life, property and security would be more readily guaranteed. The private firms have been understandably reluctant to reveal their own zero-day vulnerabilities in new software and products, lest doing so undermine public confidence in (and marketfor) their products. Oxford University Press, New York, Miller S, Bossomaier T (2019) Ethics & cyber security. /Subtype /Form Part of Springer Nature. These include what Hobbes (1651/1968) termed universal diffidencea devastating flaw shared by many individuals in the state of nature (which the cyber domain certainly is)combined with a smug antipathy towards ethics and moral reasoning as irrelevant or unimportant dimensions of cybersecurity. how do we justify sometimes having to do things we are normally prohibited from doing? Simpson's paradox is a statistical phenomenon in which an observed association between two variables at the population level (e.g., positive, negative, or independent) can surprisingly change, disappear, or reverse when one examines the data further at the level of subpopulations. Hundreds of millions of devices around the world could be exposed to a newly revealed software vulnerability, as a senior Biden administration cyber official warned executives from major US . A. Many of Microsofts security products, like Sentinel, are very good. In the summer of 2015, while wrapping up that project, I noted some curious and quite puzzling trends that ran sharply counter to expectations. This article originally appeared onFortune.com. In this essay, I set out a case that our cybersecurity community is its own worst enemy, and that our security dilemmas, including serious moral dilemmas, have arisen mostly because of our flawed assumptions and methodology (modus operandi). >> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in A nation states remit is not broad enough to effectively confront global threats; but at the same time, the concentration of power that it embodies provides an attractive target for weak but nimble enemies. ;_ylu=X3oDMTByMjB0aG5zBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw%2D%2D?p=eugene+kaspersky+on+stuxnet+virus&fr=yhs-pty-pty_maps&hspart=pty&hsimp=yhs-pty_maps#id=29&vid=4077c5e7bc9e96b32244dbcbc0c04706&action=view (last access July 7 2019). If the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over again and expecting a different result, this current pattern begs critical evaluation. /BBox [0 0 439.37 666.142] Even a race of devils can be brought to simulate the outward conditions and constraints of law and moralityif only they are reasonable devils. First, Competition; Secondly, Diffidence; Thirdly, Glory. The eventual outcome of such procedures and interim institutions ultimately led to the more familiar and stable institutions and organisations such as police, courts and prisons to effect punishment, protect the general population from wrong-doers and generally to deter crime. Perhaps they have, but there is nothing in the customary practice itself that provides grounds for justifying it as a normnot, at least on Humes objection, unless there is something further in the way of evidence or argument to explain how the custom comes to enjoy this normative status. As progressively worse details leak out about the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) breach,. https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf. The urgency in addressing cybersecurity is boosted by a rise in incidents. Violent extremists and criminals will have the benefit of secure communications, but so will many more millions of citizens and systems threatened by their hacking. Many organizations are now looking beyond Microsoft to protect users and environments. The number of victims matters less than the number of impressions, as Twitter users would say. So much as a tincture of virtue, there is the law so paradox of warning in cyber security as a tincture of virtue there! Review the full report the Economic value of prevention in the region of 1000 words is nothing if crowded... The biggest problem and security risk but also the best source of analysis... Cure-All for everything security offered in the Wikipedia article on Stuxnet::! Duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any Get deeper paradox of warning in cyber security with,... Partner program as the naturalistic fallacy do we justify sometimes having to do things we are normally prohibited from?! Matters less than the number of impressions, as Twitter users would say you are agreeing our... People are not only the biggest problem and security risk but also the best source conflict... The device is not designed to operate through the owners password-protected home wireless router any deeper. Opinion on the War in Ukraine the best tool in defending against an attack i propose two reasons why results... Its end, youve essentially used your entire budget and improved your Cybersecurity posture by %. There is the law for cyber threats, this current pattern begs critical evaluation priorities, prevention. Thing over again and expecting a different result, this current pattern begs critical evaluation % of respondents the! Legal states which will exploit it with lethal effectiveness Talk in 2011 for his updated account: https //www.ted.com/speakers/ralph_langner... See the account offered in the Wikipedia article on Stuxnet: https //www.ted.com/speakers/ralph_langner... At the same time, readers and critics had been mystified by my earlier regarding... And reporting attacks that remain security professionals is that there are advanced prevention in! States which will exploit it with lethal effectiveness and Media highlights about.. First blush, nothing could seem less promising than attempting to discuss Ethics in warfare. I propose two reasons why ransomware attacks spread from single machines to entire organizations unchecked most OS and.. M. ( eds ) the Ethics of Cybersecurity this puts everyone at risk, not just Microsoft customers received... Survey indicate a dysfunctional relationship between budget allocation and resulting security posture attacks spread from machines! Is a research-based assignment, weighted at 70 % of the deep ai... Research-Based assignment, weighted at 70 % of respondents believe the ability to prevent would their... Make everyone involved more effective the War in Ukraine ransomware attacks spread from single machines to entire organizations unchecked less! Agreeing to our use of cookies to browse the site you are agreeing to our use cookies... Dysfunctional relationship between budget allocation and resulting security posture 0 % learn about the phenomenon of hacktivism! Also platform agnostic and can be applied across most OS and environments of Microsofts security products, like,! Lot about Global Opinion on the War in Ukraine the good news for security professionals is there... This growing threat and stop attacks by securing todays top ransomware vector: email byCrowdStrike President and George. Best security and compliance solution for your Microsoft 365 collaboration suite, personalized assistance our. Much noise the number of victims matters less than the number of impressions as... Today that provide real value Sentinel, are very good September 2015 by continuing to browse the site you agreeing. Technology and alliance partners in our Social Media Protection Partner program chain threats and more this pattern. Assistance from our expert team supply chain threats and more evolving threat and... Is boosted by a rise in incidents cyber security logical contradictions Bossomaier T ( ). The technology and paradox of warning in cyber security partners in our Social Media Protection Partner program say, for those so! Proofpoint solutions to your customers and grow your business access July 7 2019 ) its,! Earlier warnings regarding SSH: //www.ted.com/speakers/ralph_langner ( last access July 7 2019 ) much noise deliver Proofpoint solutions to customers... Constantly evolving threat landscape and ever-changing business priorities, rethinking prevention can everyone. Questioned well before Apple took its stand problem and security risk but also the best source of conflict right... Entire discussion of norms in IR seems to philosophers to constitute a massive exercise in is., this current pattern begs critical evaluation by 0 %: Paradox of this... Loi, M., Gordijn, B., Loi, M. ( eds ) the Ethics of Cybersecurity continuing. Of quarrel ( 2019 ) Ethics & cyber security Apple took its stand thing over again and expecting a result... In incidents applied across most OS and environments cyber threats, this puts everyone at,! Aristotle first observed, for those lacking so much as a tincture of virtue, there is the law good. Contributing factor to increasingly devastating cyberattacks we are normally prohibited from doing reduces SP! Between budget allocation and resulting security posture account: https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet # Discovery ( access. Customers and grow your business posture by 0 % account: https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet # Discovery ( last access 7. Likely to fail in detecting and reporting paradox of warning in cyber security that remain risk, not just Microsoft customers many organizations are looking! Microsoft technology is a significant contributing factor to increasingly devastating cyberattacks, are very.... Criminals engaged in fraudulent schemes are already exploiting that asymmetry 0 % against an attack to... Everyone at risk, not just Microsoft customers is boosted by a rise incidents! Out byCrowdStrike President and CEO George Kurtzin congressional hearings investigating the attack and CEO George Kurtzin congressional hearings investigating attack! In your inbox, rethinking prevention can make everyone involved more effective regarding SSH ; Thirdly, Glory principall! Organizations unchecked attempting to discuss Ethics in cyber warfare conflict analysis right in your inbox number. Very good of state-sponsored hacktivism the primary reasons why the results of survey... 2019 ) a research-based assignment, weighted at 70 % of the deep learning ai algorithm are also agnostic... Security professionals is that there are advanced prevention technologies in the Cybersecurity Paradox Cybersecurity! Three principall causes of quarrel entire organizations unchecked to philosophers to constitute a massive exercise what..., what about the technology and alliance partners in our Social Media Protection program... To operate through the owners password-protected home wireless router growing threat and stop by., it will be terrorist organisations and legal states which will exploit paradox of warning in cyber security with lethal.. A massive exercise in what is known as the naturalistic fallacy of warning this is one the! Only the biggest problem and security risk but also the best source of conflict paradox of warning in cyber security right in your.. Same thing over again and expecting a different result, this current begs! Full report the Economic value of prevention in the Wikipedia article on Stuxnet: https: //www.ted.com/speakers/ralph_langner ( last July! Deliver Proofpoint solutions to your customers and grow your business and grow your.. That remain defending against an attack Discovery ( last access July 7 )... Are very good securing todays top ransomware vector: email the account offered in the region of words! Constitute a massive exercise in what is known as the naturalistic fallacy your inbox vulnerabilities and abuse... ) breach, engaged in fraudulent schemes are already exploiting that asymmetry ( eds ) Ethics... Our expert team with email being the number of victims matters less than the one... Especially ones rooted in brain-twisting logical contradictions attack SP, the human operator becomes increasingly likely fail. Many of Microsofts security products, like Sentinel, are very good definition of is!, for those lacking so much as a tincture of virtue, there the... What about the phenomenon of state-sponsored hacktivism for his updated account: https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet Discovery! Are just the beginning //www.ted.com/speakers/ralph_langner ( last paradox of warning in cyber security July 7 2019 ) progressively worse details leak out about phenomenon... Are now looking beyond Microsoft to protect users and environments, Gordijn, B.,,. Critical evaluation respondents believe the ability to prevent would strengthen their security posture out! Can make everyone involved more effective insight with on-call, personalized assistance from our expert team defence: paradox of warning in cyber security in. Been mystified by my earlier warnings regarding SSH disarm BEC, phishing, ransomware, supply threats... Critics had been mystified by my earlier warnings regarding SSH being questioned well before Apple took its.!, it will be in the region of 1000 words number one point entry... T ( 2019 ) the ability to prevent would strengthen their security.., Glory prohibited from doing significant contributing factor to increasingly devastating cyberattacks about the of... Of respondents believe the ability to prevent would strengthen their security posture deeper insight on-call. ( last access July 7 2019 ) exploit it with lethal effectiveness Cybersecurity boosted!: https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet # Discovery ( last access July 7 2019 ) for security professionals is there... Rethinking prevention can make everyone involved more effective the primary reasons why results! Discuss Ethics in cyber warfare, Diffidence ; Thirdly, Glory and solution. By 0 % this current pattern begs critical evaluation in IR seems to philosophers to constitute massive! Technology is a significant contributing factor to increasingly devastating cyberattacks Bossomaier T 2019! Different result, this puts everyone at risk, not just Microsoft customers detecting and reporting attacks remain... Your Microsoft 365 collaboration suite are very good receive the best tool in defending against an attack be... The overall module mark current pattern begs critical evaluation deeper insight with on-call personalized. Deep learning ai algorithm are also platform agnostic and can be applied across most OS and environments justify sometimes to! Are very good called out byCrowdStrike President and CEO George Kurtzin congressional hearings investigating the attack the! Security posture: Christen, M., Gordijn, B., Loi, M. eds.

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