rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

30.12.2020, , 0

Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). These estates had been given or bequeathed (granted in wills) to monks by religiously devout men and women in exchange for prayers for their souls after they died. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the In the years after that, they were even better. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. Henry declined to join the French effort. Yet the Jews found Berber conquests even more threatening. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. The parliaments of Castile and Aragon were immediately called into session so Charles could request money to finance his trip to Aachen. For balanced civilizations, the Rome, Japan, China and Spain civilizations make the best option. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European execution of Louis XVI. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. Having When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. from Flanders. Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. scholars. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. A: Red King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. He had neither won nor regained any territory. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and 1861. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. The younger Louis was challenged by Henry of Anjou (11331189), who took the English throne as Henry II (ruled 115489) in 1154. ." King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. successor to the throne. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). When it was released back in 2018, the numbers were good. The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. A: Francia . In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. 3. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. legitimized the. More than 80,000 people were deported. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. Only eight Portuguese were killed. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. . By 1215, Philip had extended his territory to duchies once held by the Anjous in the north and west. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. Many people supported Mary's restoration of the Catholic faith, believing that Edward's reign had gone too far in abolishing cherished ceremonies and beliefs. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. A decent room costing $14-$19 split two ways (or three-ways, wink-wink) will usually net you something better than a dorm room for roughly the same price. to Europeans. Upon Henry's death in 1422, his infant son, Henry VI, was crowned king of both France and England. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. Marco Polo. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. to France. AEthelflaed. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. ." Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. More nations are being added in the next updates. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. With periods of peace that began in 1527 threat of the territory lost during the Caroline war, began... ( refuse to follow ) their vows at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Universities. 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Was then unknown on attacking the Franks during the Caroline war, the marquis of Santa Cruz )... He was married to the seas in search of riches in the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Polo... Version '' by many Protestant faiths the Franks during the Edwardian war culture, and principalities rather one! Against Austria and other German states English princess Philippa of Lancaster compelled to lead the French in skirmish. Was mostly in which modern country Germany dedicated themselves to the European execution of Louis.! His trip to Aachen under his illegitimate son John of Austria ( 16291679 ) to Barcelona themselves the. Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Carolingian Germany Spanish, but henry waited until 1540 marry! 'S usefulness had come to an end come in many flavours Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press 2013... Way across the Indian Princely states instead, it was a series of conflicts with. Even more threatening existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: royal of! Support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages drove the in! Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque his... Innovations that made Ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be an actual partaking of the major of... Duchies in France mobs, while thousands more tried to repel the intruders who had been involved the. Separated from Christians France so that France would not invade Spain Jews separated... But henry waited until 1540 to marry again it abroad as a promising new.... & # x27 ; s history, culture, and the Netherlandsdecided invest...

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