r and k selection ppt

r and k selection ppt

17.12.2021, , 0

2009. Evidence for r- and K-selection in a wild bird population ... r and K • r is the per capita rate of growth - r is determined both by genetics and environment - r can be measured (observed) rate of growth of an estimate of biotic potential (the maximum growth rate under ideal conditions • K is the carrying capacity - K is a measure of how many individuals the environment can support K-strategists "live" near the carrying capacity k on the population growth curve, under stable environment conditions. Handouts. ments of r- and K-selection, and finally, (4) illustrate how these elements appear to be playing a role in our own study system. Dekker, R.L. each will show a diff pattern of pop growth over time. Paul Andersen explains the differences between an r and a K selected species. Delivery rate Q Mechanical seal leakage rate R a Mean roughness index (calculated) t,T Temperature of the medium to be sealed ΔT Rise in temperature of the medium to be sealed t 3 Temperature of the buffer medium v g Sliding velocity h 5Dynamic viscosity k . Try the Celestial PowerPoint theme for a science or astronomy-related presentation. "r" = growth rate. Q. rabbits dying due to a forest fire is. Their population has reached a specific size, and any uncontrolled growth will . In this review, we discuss the history, principles, and basis of GS and genomic-enabled prediction (GP) as well as the genetics and statistical complexities of GP models, including genomic genotype×environment (G×E) interactions. Overview. This would be seen in rodents with many offspring. The focus on either an increased quantity of offspring at the expense of individual parental investment of r-strategists, or on a reduced quantity of offspring with a corresponding increased parental investment of K-strategists, varies . We also examine the accuracy of GP models and . If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Fig. He starts with a brief description of population growth noting the importance of; r or growth rate, N or number of individuals in the population, and K the carrying capacity. K- and R-Selection. Color Bits: 0.5 bit 1.0 bit 1.5 bit 2.0 bit 2.5 bit 3.0 bit 3.5 bit 4.0 bit Identity. One group of organisms prefers rapid reproduction. g Create a K-fold partition of the the dataset n For each of K experiments, use K-1 folds for training and a different fold for testing g This procedure is illustrated in the following figure for K=4 g K-Fold Cross validation is similar to Random Subsampling n The advantage of K-Fold Cross validation is that all the examples in the dataset Factors affecting accuracy from genomic selection in populations derived from multiple . Within aquaculture industries, selection based on genomic information (genomic selection) has the profound potential to change genetic improvement programs and production systems. /cli selection =rsquare adjrsq cp aic sbc b best =3; run ; • Asks for the 3 best models for each possible number of variables • "Best" in terms of R 2. Description. The life history strategy of a species incorporates aspects of how the organism reproduces . Next, for k = p, p-1, … 1, we fit all k models that contain all but one of the predictors in M k, for a total of k-1 predictor variables. Large K selected tree such as the giant sequoia, red wood tree, large terrestrial mammals like elephants, rhinoceros and grizzlies, and large marine mammals such as blue whales and . In ecology, r/K selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring. Format: Hypertext Plain Text mFasta Compact Hypertext Compact Text. Report an issue. possesses various r- and K-selected characteristics but must be considered as a whole. Answer: "R" and "K" selected species are directions on a spectrum rather than a simple dichotomy. For r- and K-selection to occur, there must exist a trade-off between the growth rate at low densities r and γ (or between r and K) because otherwise the evolution of the mean phenotype would always increase the mean growth rate and decrease the mean strength of density regulation resulting in correlated selection for large and K. We think of an r- to K-selection continuum and an organism's position along it in a particular environment at a given instant in time (Pianka 1970, 1972). Lastly, we pick a single best model from among M 0 …M p using AIC. r/K選擇理論（r/K selection theory）是二十世紀生態學上一個有關生物體如何權衡後代的數量與品質的理論，這個理論需要將性狀和自然選擇結合在一起進行考慮。 這兩個概念是相對比較出來的 ，在討論生物生存策略時，會針對物種進行對比。 其中r理論是指以犧牲父母投資為代價從而增加子代的數量 . Introduction: An organism's Darwinian fitness is calculated as the number of offspring it leaves behind that, themselves, survive to reproduce. should favor compromising a little more toward the K-endpoint. American Naturalist, 104, 592-597. . First articulated by Robert MacArthur and E.O. However, the students should be able to identify definitively that the red-tailed hawk is more K-selected than the roadrunner, the Western rattlesnake is more K-selected than the Whiptail lizard and that the coyote is more K-selected than the Kangaroo mouse. They have limited resources. Wilson in 1967, r- and K- selection provides a model of how species adapt to static or fluctuating environments through the development . At heart, Rushton's "differential K-theory" attempts to employ the biological theory of r and K selection to explain intra-species differences within humans. (Data from Solbrig and Simpson 1974, 1977) (a) Distribution of biotypes in 3 populations (070) 60 20 100 60 20 IOO 60 20 IOO 20 123 High Low Sled Disturbance in populat ion (b) Flower heads per plant grown in standard conditions Slortality after 80 growth in standard ¥If the merit function is H = % aiAi, then the BLUP of H for individual k is ÐBLUP(Hk) = % ai*EBV(trait i for individual k) ÐNote that since we are using estimated of breeding values, the index weights for the EBVs are the same as for the merit function. Description. Size. Figure 3. r and k Selection - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. s.t.R = q (R) - We can think of the estimator we get from estimating R as: bPT = I{0,c}(F) b* + I{c,∞}(F) b, where I{0,c} is an indicator function: I{0,c}(F) =1 if F-stat not in the rejection region -say, F<c-, I{c,∞}(F) =0, otherwise. 3: What is "N"? Paul Andersen explains the differences between an r and a K selected species. potential energy real = diss. Hence, ax an ecologic vacuum is filled, selection will shift a population from the r-toward the K-endpoint (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). The r/K selection theory states that the selection of the different combinations of traits in the organism is a trade-off between the quantity and quality of the offspring. 25. y = X + . K-selection, K-selection The selection for maximizing competitive ability, the strategy of equilibrium species. He describes three different survivorship curves found in organisms. selection are important operations in human resource management, designed to make best use. Here we review progress in understanding some aspects of this process in the mouse bone marrow, focusin … To place these works in perspective, I review the historical context of r- and K-selection. Its members are called r-strategists and the natural short gestation, short parental care and a short time until the off spring can reproduce. In nature, organisms with two fundamentally different life strategies can be encountered. Age-specific mortality better explains these trends than r/K selection (Reznick et al, 2002: 1518).I've also covered how the so-called 'unidimensional construct' or r on one end and K at another is wrong: "It appears that the original HKSS items are best represented . Issues: Pre-testing He starts with a brief description of population growth noting the importance of; r or growth rate, N or number of individuals in the population, and K the carrying capacity. of employee strength in order to meet the strategic goals and objectives of the . Still, it has a strong cultural appeal. Recruitment and. Difference between r and K Selection in Ecology. File name. 4.19 An experimental test of r- and K-selection in dandelions. based on their life history traits and types of environment to which they are adapted, a typical r and K-selected species will differ in their pop dynamics. Items are arranged by unit. 8.5 Resource selection functions. In this post I will discuss a topic central to the process of building good (supervised) machine learning models: model selection. One whole class of terrestrial organisms (vertebrates) seems to be rela-tively K-selected, while another large group (most insects, and perhaps Steinar Engen, Bernt-Erik Saether r - and K -selection in fluctuating populations is determined by the evolutionary trade-off between two fitness measures: Growth rate and lifetime reproductive success, Evolution 71, no.1 1 (Nov 2016): 167-173. Alpha vs Beta Male and the r/K Selection Matrix. The terms r-selection and K-selection have also been used by ecologists to describe the growth and reproductive strategies of various organisms. THE HISTORY OF r-K THEORY The basic rudiments of r- and K-selection appear as early as . Do you want a stable solution (to improve performance and/or understanding)? A positive "r" would mean exponential growth. The subject of Alpha vs Beta male is heated, often contradictory. Abstract. Wong, C. and R. Bernardo, 2008. Topic 2: Ecosystems 2.6 Changes 2.6.3 - 2.63: r and K strategies r strategists • Generalists • High reproductive rate • Rapidly adapt to environmental variation • Low investment in parental care • Early maturity • Rapid growth • Small organisms • Pioneer species species. 12 min read. Genomic selection (GS) facilitates the rapid selection of superior genotypes and accelerates the breeding cycle. Description. In evolutionary terms, it is of no consequence if an organism is a fine, fully mature, physical specimen, or the dominant member of the herd, or even that an individual produces a lot of young but none of them survive. I We will run forward selection and combined forward selection/backwards elimination on the dataset to find a good fitting model. Table 9.2 Some of the Correlates of r- and K-Selection _____ r-selection K-selection Selection. These terms, r and K, are derived from standard ecological algebra, as illustrated in the simple Verhulst equation of population dynamics: . in a newly fo… bet-hedging, bet-hedging The behavioural response of a species . Zhong, S., J.C.M. Use linear and non-linear predictors. Revision. r and K selected species * * No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves Biotic potential - capacity for population growth under ideal conditions Larger organisms tend to have low potential Population Growth Exponential growth - population that increases at a fixed rate J-Curve Logistic growth - rapid exponential population growth followed by a steady decrease in . The following links and files are of class notes or assignments. Or, for a fashion or floral presentation, use the elegant Savon design template for PowerPoint. because they are k-selected species. Where is the growth rate of the population (), and is its carrying capacity. Selection Rules: only! If yes, sub- Helvetica MS Pゴシック Arial Monotype Sorts Webdings Times New Roman Symbol Wingdings 2 dbsym Palatino Linotype Lucida Sans Unicode 2_db-5-grey 3_db-5-grey Microsoft Equation 3.0 Microsoft Clip Gallery Chapter 2: Intro to Relational Model Example of a Relation Attribute Types Relation Schema and Instance Relations are Unordered Keys Schema . 1: What is "r" stand for? draw a curve showing how pop size will behave over time for a typical r-selected and typical k-selected species. He describes three different survivorship curves found in organisms. Pianka, E. R. (1970). File type icon. because they are r-selected species. THE DEVELOPMENT OF r- AND K-SELECTION AS A PARADIGM OF LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION When the theory of r- and K-selection was proposed, the field of life-history evolution was a nascent dis- . Our 235 participants (167 women and 68 men, aged 19 - 54) filled four instruments: Life History Survey (LHSurv), MINI-K, Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). <p>density dependent </p>. Row Display: up to 10 up to 15 up to 35 up to 55 up to 75 up to 95 Max.100 rows. density dependent. Genomewide selection in oil palm: increasing selection gain per unit time and cost with small populations. c: critical value chosen for testing H0:R = q , using the F-stat. density independent. Thus K-selected species are more prone to extinction than r-selected species because they mature later in life and have fewer offspring with longer gestation times. Most typically this is a response to stable enviro… R-selection, r-selection A selection for maximizing the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of an organism so that when favourable conditions occur (e.g. Marco R. Brendel, Frank M. Schurr, Christine S. Sheppard, Alejandro Ordonez Inter‐ and intraspecific selection in alien plants: How population growth, functional traits and climate responses change with residence time, Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 (Dec 2020). At heart, Rushton's "differential K-theory" attempts to employ the biological theory of r and K selection to explain intra-species differences within humans. The model of r- and K-selection, also presented as the model of r- and K-strategy, was a popular concept of field ecology in their time (Pianka 1970). The essence of the concept of r- and K-selection is that organisms strive to maximize their fitness for survival in either uncrowded (r-selection) or crowded (K-selection) environments.Fitness is defined following ecological convention as the proportion of genes left in the population gene pool (Pianka, 1983, p. 10). Abstract. Resource selection requires "used" and "available" habitats and the study designs would take up an entire course all on there own. G v ,cm 1 v /c v 1/2 energy e vib v v' v" 1 Equal energy spacing Zero energy "N" would equal the number of the species in a population. Index selection ¥Index selection with multivariate BLUPs is easy. Paul Andersen explains the differences between an r and a K selected species. r and k selection 1. r and k selection theory AEM 602: Ecology of Plankton and Benthos 2. Biology Essentials- r and K Selection Guided Viewing. LIFE HISTORY STATEGIES Life history strategy is correlated with many aspects of an organisms reproductive strategy and life history , as well as with demographic variables such as -generation time -life span -population parameters such as population density and population dynamics . The focus to choose whether an increased number of offspring at the expense of individual parental investment as in the case of r-strategists or on a reduced number of . "R" selected species have lots of offspring, which receive less parental care than offspring of "K" selected species, and most of them die before maturity, but the number of offspring is so high that. The final model turns out to be: mpg ~ 9.62 - 3.92*wt + 1.23*qsec + 2.94*am R- AND K -SELECTED SPECIES-power point presentation. Download. Graphthepercentagesurviving"usinga"linegraph.Usethesame"graph"for"both" populations.PercentSurvivorship,thedependentvariable,"isontheYBaxis,andage" Next, pick the best among these k models and call it M k-1. First articulated by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Bacterial Growth Curve representing r and K Reproductive Strategies. • Seek to explain the evolution of organism traits as adaptive responses to environmental variation and differential mortality or resource allocation to life (Roff 1992; Stearns 1992) • Examine how traits are inter-correlated and constrained by ecological factors • Predict demographic response to . The essence of the concept of r- and K-selection is that organisms strive to maximize their fitness for survival in either uncrowded (r-selection) or crowded (K-selection) environments.Fitness is defined following ecological convention as the proportion of genes left in the population gene pool (Pianka, 1983, p. 10). Table 9.2 lists a variety of correlates of these two kinds of selection. Reptiles and turtles have both r and K while male humans have r and females have K. • The 'b' option gives parameter estimates • Adds other selection statistics to the output. R Example I A dataset of 50 observations recording the height, weight, sex, age, number of children and number of pets of a sample of adults. 3MFR_A 26 YELCEVIGKGAFSVVRRCINRE . 2. stability homeostatsis of environment Mainly concerned with aquatic environment Genomic selection exploits the use of realized genomic relationships among individuals and information from genome-wide markers in close linkage disequilibrium with genes of biological and economic importance. He starts with a brief description of population growth noting the importance . k s r r e / 2 1 vib k s 2 2 1 U k r r e e,cm /c 1 Parabola centered at distance of min. This is not to say that model selection is the centerpiece of the data science workflow — without high-quality data, model building is vanity. There are also PowerPoint template themes that suit fields of study or industries. R AND K SELECTED SPECIES powerpoint presentation 1. 2: What happens if we have a positive "r"? ments of r- and K-selection, and finally, (4) illustrate how these elements appear to be playing a role in our own study system. Wilson in 1967, r- and K- selection provides a model of how species adapt to static or fluctuating environments through the development . Permissions Brian G. Murakami, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman. Yet, some authors have attributed virtually all life history variation to this simple model (118, 119, 123). On R- and K-Selection. No matter what you choose, you'll add spark to your content. tion n. A form of selection that occurs in an environment at or near carrying capacity, favoring a reproductive strategy in which few offspring. Thus clearly r- and K-selection is limited in scope. In this section, we hope to show how we can go about this approach all in R and not need to involve excel spreadsheets with multiple columns of data. 4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF r- AND K-SELECTION AS A PARADIGM OF LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION When the theory of r- and K-selection was proposed, the field of life-history evolution was a nascent dis- . K-strategists. 4.1 Stepwise Selection in R The simplest function for stepwise model selection is the step function, which is built in to R. It can do forward or backward selection, or both, and you can specify both the smallest model to consider (so those variables are always Here is what people like Samuel Skinner and AC don't get: r/K selection theory WAS discarded; it is no longer in use. I We will use AIC as the measure of model parsimony Paul Andersen explains the differences between an r and a K selected species. He describes three different survivorship curves found in organisms. In r/K selection theory, selective pressures are hypothesised to drive evolution in one of two stereotyped directions: r- or K-selection. compare several feature selection methods, including your new idea, correlation coefficients, backward selection and embedded methods (Section 4). r-selection makes a species prone to numerous reproduction at low cost per individual offspring. r- and K-selection. Fernando, and J-L. Jannink. 10. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116:815-824. answer choices. Select the best approach with model selection (Section 6). A cluster analysis was carried out in which the respondents . B cell development is a highly regulated process whereby functional peripheral subsets are produced from hematopoietic stem cells, in the fetal liver before birth and in the bone marrow afterward. The science of status (Alpha/Beta) is well attested to by modern researchers despite the fact that the origins of the discussion . "K" is the carrying capacity of the population. 4: What is "K"? 24. well known principle in evolutionary biology is that all populations use one of two fundamentally different survival strategies, called "r-selection" and "K-selection." When resources are abundant, r-selection predominates: animals become passive consumers, avoid competition and risk, and maximize reproduction, emphasizing increased numbers . The r/k selection theory explains whether a species chooses to be a k-strategist or an r-strategist. Some people love the concept, others completely reject it. Type Selection: top listed sequences the most diverse members. Then I introduce the concept of phenotyp … I outline the significance for protist evolution of the r-, K-selection spectrum,, and of my earlier theory that the most fundamental way organisms adapt to this spectrum is by evolutionary variations in their cell volumes, cell growth rates and genome sizes. 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